In the year 10191 of the Guild Calendar, House Atreides, led by Duke Leto Atreides I, was assigned by Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV to rule the desert planet Arrakis. Known as the sole source of the rare and precious substance melange, or "spice," Arrakis holds immense strategic importance. Spice grants individuals prolonged lifespans, heightened mental abilities, and access to untapped human potential. Crucially, it is also indispensable for interstellar travel, placing enormous power in the hands of those who can control its production.

House Atreides was tasked with replacing the ousted House Harkonnen, the planet's previous rulers. However, this appointment concealed a deeper conspiracy. Emperor Shaddam IV perceived House Atreides' growing influence and reputation as a threat to his own rule. To neutralize this perceived danger, he secretly conspired to have his elite Sardaukar forces collaborate with the Harkonnens to annihilate the Atreides shortly after their arrival on Arrakis.

Although Duke Leto was aware of the potential for treachery behind this assignment, the emperor's decree left him with no choice but to comply. Determined to survive and protect his family, Leto placed his hopes in forging an alliance with the Fremen, Arrakis' native inhabitants. By uniting with these formidable warriors, he sought to establish a defensive force strong enough to deter aggression, ensuring stability and peace on the tumultuous desert world.